somewhat differently. This is shown in its two positions by Figs. 5 and 6.

William A. Bird, of Newark, New Jersey, took out a patent dated April 17, 1860 [27,881], for an improved slide seat. This is, so far as we know, the first if not only patent taken out for a slide seat to be used on a square body. In its construction the front of extra seat is made to turn backward and down, and the main seat was hung upon an oblong looped irons, the upper arms of which were attached to the inside of the seat rises, and the lower loops, which were provided with a channel on the outer side traveled upon. T irons were attached to the inside of the body. The arrangement was very simple and complete and quite a large number was put upon the market, Two views of this body are shown by Figs. 7 and 8.

The next important patent was taken out by one J. C. Kimball, dated January 1, 1861 [31,023]. The working features of this are shown by Figs. 9 and 10. This is the first in which the seats worked automatically; in it the moving of the main seat raised or lowered the extra seat. The ends of the front seat were hinged to throw inward when folded so as to convert the vehicle into one for two passengers. This became known as the "Eureka," and great numbers were built. A patent dated January 28, 1862 [34,261], was granted to James T. Minard, of Danbury, New Hampshire, for an extra seat at the rear end of the body. This seat consisted of a hinged deck panel, to the under side of which were hinged the seat, bottom and two seat ends; which all folded against the deck panel when it was closed, but which when the panel was thrown back were opened

and completed the seat. We mention this as it appears to be the first attempt to create a seat which folded into place from the rear. The "Kimball" jump seat, for which a patent was granted to Charles P. Kimball, of Portland, Maine, the first President of the Carriage Builders' National Association, dated November 15, 1864 [45,050], was another radical departure and was the first in which both seats were supported by movable irons, so that the rear, as well as the, front seat, could be thrown forward or back. It is shown by

somewhat differently. This is shown in its two positions by Figs. 5 and 6.

William A. Bird, of Newark, New Jersey, took out a patent dated April 17, 1860 [27,881], for an improved slide seat. This is, so far as we know, the first if not only patent taken out for a slide seat to be used on a square body. In its construction the front of extra seat is made to turn backward and down, and the main seat was hung upon an oblong looped irons, the upper arms of which were attached to the inside of the seat rises, and the lower loops, which were provided with a channel on the outer side traveled upon. T irons were attached to the inside of the body. The arrangement was very simple and complete and quite a large number was put upon the market, Two views of this body are shown by Figs. 7 and 8.

The next important patent was taken out by one J. C. Kimball, dated January 1, 1861 [31,023]. The working features of this are shown by Figs. 9 and 10. This is the first in which the seats worked automatically; in it the moving of the main seat raised or lowered the extra seat. The ends of the front seat were hinged to throw inward when folded so as to convert the vehicle into one for two passengers. This became known as the "Eureka," and great numbers were built. A patent dated January 28, 1862 [34,261], was granted to James T. Minard, of Danbury, New Hampshire, for an extra seat at the rear end of the body. This seat consisted of a hinged deck panel, to the under side of which were hinged the seat, bottom and two seat ends; which all folded against the deck panel when it

was closed, but which when the panel was thrown back were opened

Figs. 11 and 12. Although primarily designed for a standing top vehicle, it became one of the most popular jump seats introduced it was the predecessor of all in which the seats rested upon single supports. Another patent as taken out by Mr. Kimball bearing date September 24, 1867 [69,102], in which adjustable stops were provided. This latter improvement was undoubtedly an important factor in popularizing the "Kimball" jump seat. A patent was granted to George Gregory, dated December 26, 1861 [51,780], [Fig. 13.] for a "Turnout Seat," in which the rear seat was made up in sections so hinged that they could be folded against the bottom when the extra seat was turned down and but one seat used. It, however, never became popular.

One other patent was granted in 1865; but it was of minor importance. Three patents were taken out in 1866, two of which have no bearing on the subject from our standpoint. One, however, granted to Richard Walker, Batavia, New York, dated January 13, 1866 [52,299], deserves notice, not so much for its value as for its application of the loop iron as patented by Bird, to a body constructed much like the of fashioned slide seat as shown by Figs. 1 and 2. He, also applied it to a square box wagon. Fig. 11 shows this with seats arranged for four persons by throwing the small front seat down and sliding the rear seat forward. The body is changed to accommodate but two. During the year 1867 five patents were issued, two only of which deserve special mention. One patented

The year 1868 is accredited with four patents. One taken out by Samuel N. Beecher, of Milord, Connecticut, dated March 24, 1868 [75,841], was for a slide seat, but the improvement was in dividing the extra or front seat into two parts, hinging them together so as to admit a free entry to the rear seat by lifting one of the hinged sections. Another, patented by J. Fleming, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania dated April 7, 1868 [76,428], was for adjustable seats similar to the "Kimball," but working on differently constructed legs. A third, patented April 21, 1868 [77,023], was by H. H. Forbes and H. C. Sears, of New Bedford, Massachusetts, and a fourth, patented May 12, 1868 [77,838], by Lewis Pray, of Portland, Maine, were each based upon cross legs attached to the front seat, by which it could be thrown forward or back and by which it was supported when in use, the general principle was alike in both. In 1869, two patents were issued, but in neither were there any thing; radically different from others mentioned.

These bring its down to the year 1870, during which and the succeeding years which time the number of patents taken out was increased and radical changes, embracing many new features, introduced. It was our original intention to have completed this article in one number of The Hub, but we find it impossible to do so and give anything like a fair idea of the many changes that have taken place. We will therefore continue this article in future numbers, tracing the changes as they occurred, and giving illustrations of patents from those shown on the patent papers, but omitting lettering and reference to details of construction. Hub October 1897 pages 437-439.

During the year 1870 seven patents were issued. The first of these was issued to Alexander Wright, of Wilmington, Delaware [101,959-April 12, 1870]. It represented no new principle, the inventor's claim being confined to minor details for securing seats.

On June 14 [104,248] a patent teas granted Sylvester W. Beach. of South Bend, Indiana, for an improvement on shifting seats, Fig. 16a. In this a strap of iron is secured to the upper edge of the panel, on each side at the top. This iron was grooved to receive

FIG. 16a.

October 1, 1867, by R. F. Briggs, of Amesbury, Massachusetts, two views of which are shown by Figs. 14 and 15; the dotted line on Fig. 14 shows the course of the front seat when thrown forward against the dash. The patent relates solely to the arrangement of the front seat. This is we believe, the first patent issued to an Amesbury

manufacturer for an adjustable seat. The other patent, issued in 1867, was to Gale, Ames & Blaisdale, of Lawrence, Massachusetts [69,550-Oct. 8, 1867]. This is clearly illustrated by Figs. 16 and 17. These illustrations show the patent as applied to a body of the coal box pattern.

rollers, upon which the seat rested. The seat was held in place by two vertical bars with hooks at the ends, which traveled in grooves on the under side of the iron strap. The front seat rested upon pivoted arms, which permitted it being thrown backward or forward; in the latter case it provided a child's seat at the front. In November 8, 1870 [109,102] the same party, then a resident of Ypsilanti, Michigan, took out another patent, which more clearly defined his device and the method of clamping to hold the seat in place.

C. Haas, of Chicago, [104,583-June 6, 1870] was granted a patent for an improved buggy seat, the character of which is shown by Figs. 17a and 18. The material feature of this is the arrangement of the front seat.

patented by Henry Wahtstedt, of Princeton, Illinois [116,119-June 20, 1871].

Henry Nagle, of Carlisle, Pennsylvania [120,312-October 24, 1871], secured a patent the main feature of which was the arrangement of double sills; the interior ones furnished bases for the support of the rear seat, these sills being provided with tongues and grooves which permitted the secondary sills being slid into place when the seat was adjusted. James R. Gilman [114,000-April 25, 1871] obtained a patent for an arrangement of the seat irons which were little more if anything than the simplifying of the Beach seats and a different fastening device.

Another device was that patented by T. H. Wood, of New York City [105,758-July 26, 1870], illustrated by Figs. 19 and 20. By this the secondary seat is affixed to the body at the back. The seat deck and tail board all acted automatically, the front seat support sliding upon inclined bars. This was a very simple and compact device but it never come into general use.

Another patent was one granted to R. F. Briggs, of Amesbury, Massachusetts [109,377-Nov. 22, 1870]: the, inventor rested his claims mainly upon the application of grooves for the back seat and spring to hold it in place.

Daniel and Noah Kroninger, of Eagle Point, Pennsylvania [120,444-October 31, 1871], were granted a patent on an adjustable seat buggy, as illustrated by Figs. 22 and 23. The guide bars and supports for the seat when moved to the rear and the necessary working fixtures were the essential features.

C. N. Dennett, Amesbury, Massachusetts, was granted a patent for an improvement in carriages, Fig. 21. This patent covered the arrangement of the seats and a sliding dash, which when the body was to be used with the two seats, would extend sufficiently far forward to provide sufficient foot room for the occupants of the front seat. In 1871 nine patents were taken out for changeable seats. Of these one was to R. E. Jones, of Goldsborough, North Carolina [113,060-March 28, 1871] the distinctive feature of which was the arrangement of the main seat so that when two seats were used this seat was jumped back and supported by an iron leg resting on the spring bar. Two were by Sylvester W. Beach, of Ypsilanti; Michigan [113,387-April 4, 1871--115,152-May 23,, 1871], as improvements upon his previous patents. An adjustable secondary

seat, to be affixed to the front edge of the main seat frame, was

Nelson Warren and Thomas Underwood, of Wilmington, Delaware, [121,563-Dec. 5, 1871] were granted patents upon jump seat irons, the construction of which and their manner of working are clearly shown by Figs. 24 and 25. These were the first having solid supports upon the leg pieces.

Earl C. Newton, of Batavia, Illinois [121,295-November 28, 1871], was awarded a patent on improvement in carriages covering the adjustable seat, the coupling of the reach and spring and a shaft jack, shown by Figs. 26 and 27. The illustrations make

fairly clear the workings of the seat, but it is necessary to state that

Four patents were granted in 1873. One was to C. K. Mellinger, of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, [134,692-Jan. 7, 1873] which related mainly to the arrangement of slots in the front and back of the carriage to permit the use of a jump seat when the front and back of the carriage is closed.

Charles H. Howell, of Middletown, New York, was granted a patent dated April 8, [137,681] the main feature of which consists is the use of an elbow arm for the back support of the seat, whereby it may be thrown back over a deep panel.

On May 6 [138,537] a patent was granted to Alfred B. Sheaffer, of New Holland, Pennsylvania, for jump seat irons having legs whereby the arms could be locked and held securely to place.

the groove K, Fig. 27, is cut into the bottom of the seat riser to allow said riser to slide down over the slide irons carrying the riser down to the level with the deck when one seat only is used.

Four patents were issued in 1872, two of which were to David Aspinwall, of South Bend, Indiana [123,547-Feb. 13, 1872--134,452-Dec. 31, 1872]. The first was issued in February; this is

illustrated by Fig. 28. The full lines showing the seats are arranged for: four passengers, the dotted lines showing the front seat back and

Jacob N, Miller, of Bellefontaine, took out a patent dated July 22 [141,065] which covered folding the front seat out of the way without inverting the seat and sliding the rear seat on concealed guides. Ten patents were granted during the year 1874. The first of these was to Henry W. Quin, [146,278] of Anderson, Indiana, dated January 6. This, as will be seen by Figs. 31 and 32, is a very simple device. The only feature not clearly shown by the illustrations is the back supports of the front or extra seat. These are pivoted to the seat bottom so that when the seat is to be folded down they can be turned inward out of the way of the panels. One was issued to Alfred B. Sheaffer, of New Holland, Pa., which was but an improvement on a patent granted the year previous. A patent was issued to John A. Hanna, of Bel-Air, Maryland, which covered an improved method for securing the jump legs to the sills and seat frame. This patent bore date May 5 [150,569].

the main seat in place for a two passenger carriage. Fig. 29 illustrates the patent taken out in December. The dotted lines in the case, as in the preceding one, show the vehicle arranged for two persons. While neither of those shows any decided novelty in the way of the arrangement of the seats, they both illustrate ingenious devices for accomplishing the purposes sought.

John D. McAuliff, of St. Louis, Missouri [128,645-July 2, 1872] obtained a patent for jump seat irons jointed by stump joints, which permitted the seats being thrown forward or backward at will. Henry Timken, Ex-President of the C. B. N. A., took out a patent in August 13, 1872 [130,546] which is illustrated by Fig. 30. In this the front seat is hung upon two parallel arms, by which the seat could be thrown forward or backward at will. The rear seat was hung upon a pivoted lever the forward end of which projected through a slotted plate; an ingenious locking device served to hold the seats firmly when in position.

Lewis W. Blessing, of Wilmington, Delaware, was granted a patent dated May 26 [151,349], shown by Fig. 33. This covers the use of fixed standards to slides working in a trench attached to the sills of the body. On May 26 [151,405] a patent was granted to William M. Knapp, of Muncie, Indiana. This covered a somewhat

complex method operating the changes on a seat without any

decided advantage over other methods. Mr. Knapp was granted another patent on June 16 [152,124]. The feature of this was the hanging of the front seat on movable legs and the supporting of the seat when up by means of legs the feet of which rested into sockets on the top of the body when the seat was raised, and into sockets in the sill when lowered. James A. Curtis, of Greencastle, Indiana, was granted a patent dated June 30 [152,610], the full character of which

which his arrangement was applied to different forms of bodies. Two additional forms are shown by Figs. 37 and 38. This patent covers ground not occupied by any other, and in this respect it is a primary patent and one that is likely to cause trouble with future patents.

John K. Patten, of Amesbury, Massachusetts, was granted a patent on January 19 [158,864] for a new arrangement of the back legs of jump seat irons, by which they can be folded in or turned upward against the seat bottom and allow the seat to fall out of the way of the plain seat.

On January 12 [158,738] a patent was granted James V. Randall, of Newtown, Pennsylvania. In this the main seat was provided with slot irons upon each end piece of this frame, through which a bolt passed, by which the seat was held in place, in whatever position it was placed. The front seat was supported by standards, the top of which were provided with braces for making secure the front seat.

On February 12 [160,036] a patent was granted Nahum Starkey, of Amesbury, Massachusetts, for an improved jump seat. The distinctive feature was the, jointing, of the hind legs, so that they could be folded up against the, underside of the seat bottom when the seat was thrown down.

On March 9 [160,651] John P. Cost, of Bellefontaine, Ohio, was granted a patent for a somewhat complicated arrangement for the rear legs for a front seat for a convertible seat carriage, by which the front seat could be fixed in a position to fit it for an adult or for a child, the automatic action being a leading feature.

is shown by Fig. 34, the traveling trench being of iron attached to the top of the panel of the body. Sylvester W. Beach, of Ypsilanti, Michigan, was granted a patent on October 6 [155,696], which was, to the main, but an improvement upon other patents taken out by him. James C. Stock, of Wilmington, Delaware, [156,680-Nov. 10, 1874] was granted a patent on November 10 as an improvement upon a previous patent granted on December 5. Christian K. Mellinger was granted a patent on November 10 [156,709], the

cardinal features of which are fully illustrated by Fig. 35, which shows the seats as arranged for two passengers, the extra seat being folded under. Hub November 1897 pages 547-549.

Nine patents were issued in 1875, some of which represented new ideas, while others were improvements upon existing patents.

Edward W. Anderson, of Washington, D. C., was granted a patent on January 19 [158,822], for an arrangement of a back seat which when folded down forms a part of the body. Fig. 36 shows the

seat in both positions. The inventor showed various forms of seats in

On April 20 [162,297] Christian K. Mellinger, of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, was granted a patent for as improved jump seat. This is shown in its two positions by Figs. 39 and 40. One of the parts not shown in these drawings is the manner, of folding the ends of the front seat, to allow it to fall in place under the rear seat. All other features are sufficiently well defined in the sketches to give a clear idea of the manner of changing the seats. An additional patent was granted to Mr. Mellinger on June 29 [165,016], covering points not fully covered by previous patents.

On February 22 [173,774] Charles N. Dennett was granted a patent upon a changeable seat standing top vehicle the main seat of which was controlled by hinged standards, instead of sliding in grooves and the forward parts for the support of a top were secured to the body outside of the panel so as to admit of free movement of the seats.

David W. Hern and Paul Richards, of Minneapolis, Minnesota, were granted a patent dated October 5 [168,490] for jump seats, as shown by Figs. 41 and 42. As will be seen, this device was automatic in action. The Carrying backward or forward of the rear, or main seat, placed the extra seat in either desired position. The various arms and their attachments appear to be simple and effective.

On October 5 [168,386] a patent was granted to David Ford, of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, for a slide seat, the main feature of which was the arranging of the front or extra seat in such a manner that it could fall back in the body and be under the main seat when that was brought to the front.

Frederick Oppenheim, of San Francisco. California. was granted a patent dated February 29 [174,148], the working of which is shown by Figs. 45 and 46. A. reissue dated December 5 [R7,416] further covered the points claimed by the patentee. The primary points in this patent have suggested many important improvements in changeable seat vehicles, and the device as a whole has had a marked influence upon the construction of changeable seat vehicles, although the trade was slow to admit its value. On May 2 [176,804] a patent was granted John R. Patten, of Amesbury, Massachusetts, upon an improved jump seat in which the patentee employed jump seat irons for the front seat, previously patented by him. His design covered a body having side doors for use when the seats were arranged for four passengers.

Jonathan H. Franklin, of Avoca, Wisconsin, was granted a patent on November 30 [170,543] for a changeable seat body in which hinged sections served to lengthen the body when two seats were required. Fig. 43 represents the body fitted for two passengers, and Fig. 44 shows the body elongated for two seats and four passengers.

Eleven patents, originals and reissues, were granted during the year 1876, some of which have exerted a marked influence upon the construction of changeable seat vehicles until the present time. The first was a reissue dated January 25 [R6,869], granted to Charles N. Dennett, of Salisbury, Massachusetts, the original patent having been granted November 15, 1870. The reissue more clearly defined the claims of the original.

John W. Lawrence, of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, was granted a patent dated May 16 [177,526], the main features of which are shown in Figs. 47 and 48. The front seat is shown, by dotted lines

thrown forward, in Fig. 47. out of the way of passengers when entering the back, and in its proper position when the vehicle is arranged for four passengers. Fig. 48 shows it in position when fitted for two passengers only.

Ethan A. Jones and Henry Timken, of St. Louis, Missouri, were granted a patent dated July 4 [179,565] on which they cover a locking mechanism for a jump seat and minor points in connection with the interior arrangements.

William F. Clark, of St. Paul, Minnesota, was granted a patent dated October 10 [182,993]. This provides a single support for the front seat and a locking device to hold it in place when the vehicle is used for four passengers. When for two only the front seat is thrown back and the rear seat slid to the proper place, or the front seat may, be thrown forward and converted into a child's seat by the extra seat board being placed below, and at right angles to the front seat board.

show the main seat thrown back to convert the vehicle into one suited to four passengers. Hub December 1897 pages 638-640.

During the year 1877, five patents were issued for turnover or slide seats, the most of which were for minor improvements. On February 13, Charles W. Patten, of Salisbury, Massachusetts, was granted a patent No. 187,304 for an improvement relating mainly to a self-supporting rest for turnover seat, by which the front seat when turned over for use was held firmly in position.

Charles N. Dennett, of Salisbury, Massachusetts was granted a reissue on June 19, covering more clearly the patent granted on February 22. 1876.

On July 31 George J. Tucker and Charles L. Tucker, of Amesbury, Massachusetts, were granted patent No. 193,677, on an improved jump seat. The improvement consisted mainly in the attachment of the seat legs.

On September 25. F. Reichle, of Detroit, Michigan, was granted patent No. 195,453. This related to a front seat that could be turned forward to admit of access to the rear seat and when not desired could be easily removed from the body.

James Pendergast, of New Haven, Connecticut, was granted a patent dated October 31 [183,964], on a folding seat arranged at the rear end of the vehicle body as an auxiliary seat, as Shown by Fig. 49. The illustration clearly shows the arrangement of the legs When in position for use or when folded down under the main seat.

Another patent was granted to Frederick Oppenheim, of San Francisco, California, on November 6, No. 196,821. The distinctive features covered, and the difference between this and previous patents, are clearly illustrated by Figs. 53 and 54.

Seven patents were granted during the year 1878, Charles H. Stratton, of Salem, Ohio, was granted one on June 11.

Eldridge S. Felch, of Salisbury, Massachusetts, was granted a patent on an improvement in jump seat carriages dated November 14 [184,236]. This relates especially to standing top vehicles. Figs. 50 and 51 fully illustrate its working. Both seats are sufficiently short to allow their being slid freely between the pillars. The patentees claim covered the jump seats in connection with a standing or canopy top carriage.

On November 21 [184,656], Frederick Oppenheim, of San Francisco, California, was granted a third patent on his jump seat vehicle, covering a different arrangement of seats and supports, which further strengthened the original patent. Fig. 52 shows by the

full lines the body arranged for a single seat; and the dotted lines

No. 204,859. This related to the adjustment of the seats for a box

wagon, the operation of which is shown by Figs. 55 and 56. In

consisted in the arrangement of split seats the primary feature being the arrangement of the supporting irons to the lazy backs by which the backs could be so operated, as to be out of the way, when one-half of the seat is lifted to admit of access to the rear.

On December 28, a reissue No. 9,520 was granted Christian K. Mellinger, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for additional improvements in seat irons. Hub January 1898 page 722-723.

Eight patents were granted in the year 1881, some of which were for improvements on previous patents, others were for minor adjustments, and a few for radical changes embodying new devices.

seat vehicles on November 11. No. 221,654. The locking of the legs and the automatic, folding of the lazy back to the front seat constituted the distinctive features of this patent.

Seven patents were granted during the year 1880. On March 30, John Finnegan, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was granted patent No. 226,053; for jump seats. The operation of the legs and the arrangement of legs are shown by Fig. 66.

A patent was granted to Andrew Gundelfinger, of Jefferson City, Mo., dated May 17th, No. 241,537, for a vehicle seat, illustrated by Figs. 68 and 69. The feature of this patent is the hanging of the two sections of the seats on central pivotal points, so that either section can be turned around to admit of easy access to the body from the rear.

On May 17 a patent, No. 241,618, was granted to Samuel M. Chester, of Cincinnati, Ohio. This patent covered certain features of the top and lazy back in addition to a hinged adjustable front seat, in combination with an adjustable back, but so far as the seats are concerned there is nothing in the way of a novelty or a special character.

Charles H. Stratton, of Salem, Ohio, was granted a patent dated May 31, No. 242,166, which was an improvement upon devices previously patented.

G. H. Hutton, of Baltimore, Maryland, was granted a patent on June 28, No, 243,565, containing some new features and covering jump seat irons previously patented by him.

On September 13 a patent was granted to Theodore Kreseen, of Young America, Ind. The feature of this improvement consists in placing a seat immediately over the door, which is placed in the rear end of, the body, pivoting one end of the seat to the body and connecting the seat to the door, so that when the door is thrown open the seat is turned around and out of the way, so as to admit access to the body from the rear.

John W. Anderson, of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, was granted a patent dated October 4, No. 247,871, for jump seat irons, the feature of which was the arrangement of shifting supports for either end of the seat.

On May 4. T. J. Wright, of Dunbarton, Ohio, was granted patent No. 227,340, for a carriage. Fig. 67, which shows it arranged for four passengers, when converted into a two passenger vehicle, the front or extra seat, which is made in two parts and secured in the middle, is released, so as to allow the two sections which are hinged to the body inside are folded down so as to rest on to or near the bottom, and the rear seat is slid forward to its proper place. And the deck is covered by a panel which when not in use is carried under the bottom of the body.

On May 18 a patent No. 227,612 was granted to John A. Chapman, of White Water, Wisconsin, for shifting seats, which embodied the general principles of the old style slide seat, except that jump irons instead of slide irons were used.

Christian K. Mellinger and John W. Anderson, of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, were granted a patent on August 24, No. 231,438, for jump seats for vehicles which were improvements upon previous patents granted the same parties.

Frederick Oppenheim, of San Francisco, California, was granted a reissue No. 9,464, on November 16, covering more in detail previous patents.

William S. Durie, of St. Louis, Missouri, was granted a

patent on carriage seats, No. 236,008, dated December 28. This

Another patent was granted John W. Anderson, of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, dated October 11, No. 248,005, covering locking and other devices for jump seat iron, an adjustable lazy back for the front seat being one of the prominent features.

Jackson W. Hewett, of Jackson, Michigan, was granted a patent, dated April 18, No. 256,683, illustrated by Figs. 73 and 74. This device provided for the folding back of the front seat and the sending forward of the rear seat when changing from a four to a two passenger vehicle, and the hinging of the front seat, so that it can be raised to admit of access to the rear seat.

Theophilus Weaver, of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, was granted a patent dated October 25, No. 248,818; illustrated by Figs. 70 and 71. As will be seen, the arrangement of the rear seat called for a shifting rear panel by which, when two seats were desired the body could be lengthened and yet present the appearance of a solid side and back end, and when but one seat was called for the front seat could be folded down and the rear seat, together with the rear shifting section of the body, brought forward and the body given the appearance of a close "coal box."

During the year 1882 twelve patents were granted, the number exceeding that of any previous year, but with a few exceptions the new patents embodied very little that was specially new or meritorious, while those that were granted upon previous patented devices served only to strengthen or to explain some peculiar feature that had been overlooked in the original.

The first patent granted in that year was to a citizen of far off Australia, William T. Angus, of Sydney, dated January 17, No. 252,411. The invention consists in the combination, with the seat and its hinged back, curved sliding rods and brackets, whereby the

Pierre A. Lariviere, of Ottawa, Ont., Canada, was granted a United States patent, dated June 6, No. 259,177, for a carriage seat, illustrated by Figs. 75 and 76. This consisted of an arrangement

hinged back will be supported when turned down into a horizontal position, together with other necessary mechanical appliances. Fig. 72 illustrates this patent.

John C. Theakston, of Salem, Ohio, was granted a patent dated Feb. 7, No. 253,238. The feature of this was the automatic connection whereby both seats could be placed in the desired position, by moving of one seat, accomplishing what had been done by previous patented devices, but by a different arrangement of arms.

whereby one-half of the seat, with fixed lazy back, can be slid back so as to permit of its being thrown up to admit of access, to the rear seat.

Ernest C. Hilderbrand, of New Haven, Connecticut, was granted a patent dated August 8, No. 262,411, covering an arrangement whereby the front seat could be thrown forward on

pinions attached to the front edge, of the seat frame, when the seat is

thrown over on these pinions. The rear seat, supported by iron legs, is thrown forward to its proper place, and the front seat is raised and made to rest upon the bottom of the main seat, thus converting the body into one for two passengers. Portable; doors constitute another feature. George H. Hutton, of Baltimore, Maryland, was granted another patent on seat irons, dated Sept.5, No. 263,910, the general principle involved not differing from that covered by previous patents: William B. Sales, of Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin,

was granted a patent dated Sept. 12, No. 264,106. This was a narrow patent and the device was one of minor importance.

Theohilus Weaver, of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, was granted a reissue of his original patent, dated Sept. 12, No. 10,195. This more clearly defined claims on the original patent.

John Moore, of Amherst, Nova Scotia, Canada, was granted a United States patent dated Dec, 5, No. 268,519, illustrated by Figs. 79 and 80. As will be seen, this invention relates to the one seat falling into the other, the rear seat sliding on the upper edges of the side boards.

Ten patents were granted in 1883, some of which were virtually reissues, others bare evidence of attempts to overcome previous original patents, while others possessed little merit.

A patent was granted to Christian Haas, of Chicago, Illinois, dated Feb. 13, No. 272,381. The device embodied no new features of special merit other than in minor parts.

Richard Fawcett, of Salem, Ohio, obtained a patent dated Feb. 20, No. 272,420. It related to an arrangement for folding the front seat down in the bottom when not required for use, and some appliances for locking this and the main seat in their respective positions.

Osgood Morrill, of Salisbury, Massachusetts, was granted a patent dated March 27, No. 274,633, illustrated by Fig. 81, which shows the working irons by solid outlines, when the body is fitted for four passengers and by dotted lines when arranged for two. As will be seen this is a simple automatic arrangement for shifting the seats by a single motion. Another patent was granted Mr. Morrill, dated May 29, No. 278,583, embodying the same features as his previous patent, but operating on different lines.

Johiel Jackson, of Fort Atkinson, Wis., was granted a patent dated Oct. 10, No. 265,606, for an automatic adjustment of seat irons, illustrated by Figs. 77 and 78. A very simple device, which is clearly shown in the two positions. Another device, a little more intricate in character, was also included in this patent.

Ernest C. Hilderbrand, of New Haven, Conn., was granted a patent, dated Nov. 7, No. 267,080, mainly embodying the principles covered by a previous patent, but applied to a different kind of body, which necessitated new combinations.

George H. Hutton, of Baltimore, Maryland, was granted another patent on shifting seat irons, dated November 21, No. 267,893, embodying many of the principles of previous patents, combined with new features.

Johann S. G. F. Horcher, of Altona, Prussia, Germany, was granted a United States patent, dated July 31, illustrated by Figs. 82

and 83. This has for its object facilitating access to the rear seat from the front by a split front seat, and an arrangement of the rear seat, so that it can be folded down into the body when not desired for use, thus covering the entire rear portion of a body, and the swinging of the rear seat on a pivot, so as to admit of access to the body, by a door in the rear end.

Cornelius Bauer, of Cincinnati, Ohio, was granted a patent dated August 21, No. 283,370. It covered an ingenious arrangement of jump seat irons, but embodied no new principle.

Horace A. Willets, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was granted a patent for jump seat irons, dated August 28, No. 284,153, the feature of which was the locking device.

Harlan P. Wells, of Salisbury, Massachusetts, was granted a patent dated Sept. 25. No. 285,450, covering another arrangement of seat irons, the general features of which are much like many others in the market.

Francis Thomas, of Cincinnati, Ohio, was granted a patent for seat irons, dated Dec. 18, No. 290,283. The main object attained was the arrangement of irons, whereby in addition to the results obtained by others the two seats may be supported at the same height, or at different height, at will.

Hub February 1898 pages 789-791.

Nine patents were issued during the year 1884, some of which were improvements upon patents previously taken out; others were of comparatively little value, and a few embodied new principles. The first taken out that year was by Dudley B. Gale, of Salisbury, Massachusetts, dated April 8, No. 264,400. In this the patentee made improvements on a patent taken out by him on June 18, 1878.

C. H. Stratton, of Salem, Ohio, was granted a patent, dated May 27, No. 299,437. The principle embodied in this patent was the

passengers, as illustrated by Figs. 85 and 86. Hub March 1898 page 873.

Frank R. Alderman, of Detroit, Michigan, was granted a patent, dated July 22, No. 302,371, for improvements suited to a "sleigh or buggy," by which the seats worked automatically. This patent, as applied to a sleigh, is shown by Figs. 87 and 88.

Joinville F. Fowler. of Alliance, Ohio, was granted a patent, dated Aug. 19, No. 303,718, for an improved construction and combination of parts of a seat, which may be adjusted to fold to either side and to be supported when swung forward or backward. The arrangement is shown by illustration Fig. 89.

operation of the two seats, either forward or backward, by a single movement. This is illustrated by Figs. 83 and 84.

Phaon J. Kern, of Frankfort, Indiana, was granted a patent, dated June 17, No. 30